Hill, Holman & Hulme 2017, p. 182: Atomic conductance is the electrical conductivity of one mole of a substance. It is equal to electrical conductivity divided by molar volume.

Goldwhite H & Spielman JR 1984, College Chemistry, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, San Diego, ISBN 978-0-15-601561-5 Harbison RD, Bourgeois MM & Johnson GT 2015, Hamilton and Hardy's Industrial Toxicology, 6th ed., John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, ISBN 978-0-470-92973-5 Cotton A et al. 1999, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 6th ed., Wiley, New York, ISBN 978-0-471-19957-1 Mewes et al. 2019, "Copernicium: A relativistic noble liquid", Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 58, pp.17964–17968, doi: 10.1002/anie.201906966Lewis RJ 1993, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, ISBN 978-0-442-01131-4 Boron, first produced in a pure form in 1909, [206] is used in the form of high-strength fibers for aerospace components and certain sporting goods. [207] It is also added to steel alloys to improve hardenability. [208]

Atkins P, Overton T, Rourke J, Weller M & Armstrong F 2006, Shriver & Atkins' Inorganic Chemistry, 4th ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, ISBN 0-7167-4878-9The halogen nonmetals are commonly found in salt-related minerals. Fluorine, for instance, is present in fluorite (CaF 2), a mineral found widely. Chlorine, bromine, and iodine are typically found in brines. Exceptionally, a study reported in 2012 noted the presence of 0.04% native fluorine ( F Mingos DMP 2019, "The discovery of the elements in the Periodic Table", in Mingos DMP (ed.), The Periodic Table I. Structure and Bonding, Springer Nature, Cham, doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-40025-5

Metalloids were commonly isolated by heating of their oxides ( boron, silicon, arsenic, tellurium) or a sulfide ( germanium). [177] Antimony was obtained primarily through the heating of its sulfide, stibnite; it was later discovered in native form. [225] Berzelius, who discovered selenium, thought it had the properties of a metal, combined with the properties of sulfur [223] Berzelius JJ 1811, 'Essai sur la nomenclature chimique', Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d'Histoire Naturelle, vol. LXXIII, pp.253‒286 Atkins PA & Overton T 2010, Shriver & Atkins' Inorganic Chemistry, 5th ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, ISBN 978-0-19-923617-6 Brady JE & Senese F 2009, Chemistry: The study of Matter and its Changes, 5th ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, ISBN 978-0-470-57642-7Desai PD, James HM & Ho CY 1984, "Electrical resistivity of aluminum and manganese", Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, vol. 13, no. 4, doi: 10.1063/1.555725 Maosheng M 2020, "Noble gases in solid compounds show a rich display of chemistry with enough pressure", Frontiers in Chemistry, vol. 8, doi: 10.3389/fchem.2020.570492 Development of types [ edit ] Gaspard Alphonse Dupasquier (1793–1848), French doctor, pharmacist and chemist as depicted in the Monument aux Grands Hommes de la Martinière [ fr] in Lyon, France. In 1844 he put forward a basic taxonomy of nonmetals.