is a mixture of the rules we saw for the 70s and 80s; namely, it uses dashes instead of “ et” to form 91 (like 81) and it adds 11–19 to 70 (like the 70s): 91 = quatre-vingt-onze, 92 = quatre-vingt-douze. Hart, Donn V. 1964. Riddles in Philippine Folklore: An Anthropological Analysis. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. Christine Goldberg, Turandot's Sisters: A Study of the Folktale AT 851, Garland Folklore Library, 7 (New York: Garland, 1993), p. 35. Archer Taylor says that "we can probably say that riddling is a universal art" and cites riddles from hundreds of different cultures including Finnish, Hungarian, American Indian, Chinese, Russian, Dutch and Filipino sources amongst many others. [1] :3 Many riddles and riddle-themes are internationally widespread.

Further south, in Sulawesi, Indonesia, among the Pendau, riddles are also used at funeral gatherings. [100] Africa [ edit ] Literary riddles were also composed in Byzantium, from perhaps the tenth century with the work of John Geometres, into the fifteenth century, along with a neo-Byzantine revival in around the early eighteenth century. There was a particular peak around the long twelfth century. [63] Latin and romance [ edit ] Christine Goldberg, Turandot's Sisters: A Study of the Folktale AT 851, Garland Folklore Library, 7 (New York: Garland, 1993), pp. 36–37. a b Joseph Jacobs, "Riddle", in The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day, ed. by Isidore Singer (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1901–1907), s.v.Antti Aarne, Vergleichende Rätselforschungen, 3 vols, Folklore Fellows Communications, 26–28 (Helsinki/Hamina: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, 1918–20), II 3–23 (p. 12). Accordingly, during the twentieth century, progressively more substantial collections of Native American riddles were made, including from the Alaskan Athabaskans (Ten'a) people in British Columbia; [112] [113] Amuzgo people in Central America; [114] and Quechua people in South America. [115] Thus, while data remains rather thin, it seems clear that riddling did exist in the Americas independently of European culture.

Jón Árnason, Íslenzkar gátur, skemtanir, vikivakar og Þulur, I (Kaupmannahöfn: Hið Íslenzka bókmenntafélag, 1887), http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/IcelOnline/IcelOnline-idx?type=HTML&rgn=DIV2&byte=187436. Archer Taylor, The Literary Riddle before 1600 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1948), pp. 41–42. The Riddle Game is a formalized guessing game, a contest of wit and skill in which players take turns asking riddles. The player that cannot answer loses. Riddle games occur frequently in mythology and folklore as well as in popular literature. Annikki Kaivola-Bregenhøj, Riddles: Perspectives on the Use, Function, and Change in a Folklore Genre, Studia Fennica, Folkloristica, 10 (Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society, 2001), pp. 11–12; doi: 10.21435/sff.10. Archer Taylor, The Literary Riddle before 1600 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1948), p. 2.

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Stokes, Whitley (1904). "Irish Riddles". The Celtic Review. 1 (2): 132–35. doi: 10.2307/30069786. JSTOR 30069786. So, if you were calling a French number from southwestern France from your cell phone with an American SIM card, you would dial the following: Main articles: Anglo-Saxon riddles and Riddles (Scandinavian) The Exeter Book: the principal manuscript of medieval Germanic-language riddles. Umoh, S. J. 2007. "The Ibibio Proverb—Riddles and Language Pedagogy". International Journal of Linguistics and Communication 11(2), 8–13. Hamnett, Ian, "Ambiguity, Classification and Change: the Function of Riddles", Man, 2 (1967), pp. 379–391. doi: 10.2307/2798727. JSTOR 2798727

E.g. David Evans, "Riddling and the Structure of Context", The Journal of American Folklore, 89 (1976), 166–88; doi: 10.2307/539688; JSTOR 539688; Annikki Kaivola-Bregenhøj, Riddles: Perspectives on the Use, Function, and Change in a Folklore Genre, Studia Fennica, Folkloristica, 10 (Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society, 2001), doi: 10.21435/sff.10. The riddle was at times a prominent literary form in the ancient and medieval world, and so riddles are extensively, if patchily, attested in our written records from these periods. More recently, riddles have been collected from oral tradition by scholars in many parts of the world. Defining riddles precisely is hard and has attracted a fair amount of scholarly debate. The first major modern attempt to define the riddle in modern Western scholarship was by Robert Petsch in 1899, [4] with another seminal contribution, inspired by structuralism, by Robert A. Georges and Alan Dundes in 1963. [5] Georges and Dundes suggested that "a riddle is a traditional verbal expression which contains one or more descriptive elements, a pair of which may be in opposition; the referent of the elements is to be guessed". [5] There are many possible sub-sets of the riddle, including charades, droodles, and some jokes.

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Dorvlo, Kofi. "Ewe borrowings into Logba." International Journal of Bilingualism 18.4 (2014): 428-446. Akíntúndé Akínyẹmí, Orature and Yorùbá Riddles (Palgrave Macmillan US, 2015), doi: 10.1057/9781137502636 Print ISBN 978-1-349-69958-2 If you’re ever required to give your personal information, you have to be ready to specify your year of birth. Riddle-traditions by region [ edit ] Attic red-figure pelike, Oedipus solves the riddle of the Sphinx and frees Thebes, by the Achilleus painter, 450–440 BC, Altes Museum Berlin (13718779634) The modern English word riddle shares its origin with the word read, both stemming from the Common Germanic verb * rēdaną, which meant 'to interpret, guess'. From this verb came the West Germanic noun * rādislī, literally meaning 'thing to be guessed, thing to be interpreted'. From this comes Dutch raadsel, German Rätsel, and Old English * rǣdels, the latter of which became modern English riddle. [3] Definitions [ edit ]