Rothe DL, Kauzlarich D (2010) State-level crime: theory and policy. In: Barlow HD, Scott D (eds) Crime and public policy: putting theory to work, 2nd edn. Temple University Press, Philadelphia, pp 166–187

Taylor I, Walton P, Young J (1973) The new criminology: for a social theory of deviance. Harper and Row, New York In the beginning the relative quantities of the products exchanged for each other must have varied greatly. But in course of time the exchange of commodities took place in a ratio fixed for anyone place and time; ten hatchets, for example, being equivalent to five bows, etc. These commodities must have a common quality which makes a comparison possible; and it is this common quality which we call their value. The first problem to be solved, then, is this: “What constitutes the value of commodities?” Det kan dog også gøres væsentligt nemmere med en UNI-BONG maker, hvor du så kun skal bruge en plastikflaske. The second reason why a large number of workmen were obtainable was that the lords themselves began to produce commodities for city markets, especially wool and wood. This took fewer laborers than agriculture, but required more land, so that many peasants were driven from their farms and, like the others, went to swell the population of the cities.Cowling M (2008) Marxism and criminological theory: a critique and a toolkit. Palgrave Macmillan, London Let us suppose now that the process of production has a normal course, that is to say, that it comes out as the capitalist wishes. He has begun with a sum, A, and ends by possessing A + a. We must now explain this surplus a, which, in the terminology of capitalistic production, is called surplus-value. The surplus obtained from the labor of slaves is easily explained. The owner leaves the slaves a part of the product of their own labor to live on. The rest is his. His surplus springs from the labor of others. The relation of the serf and his lord is, if possible, even clearer. The serf works part of the week for himself and on the remaining days for his master. The explanation of the surplus produced by capital employed at usury or in primitive commerce (the most ancient forms under which capital was employed) no longer offer any great difficulties. The usurer appropriated to himself the possessions of the borrower little by little and so ruined him completely. The primitive merchant made himself a surplus by selling dear something that he had bought at a trivial price, a transaction which involved no increase in value. Now it is just this increase in value that is to be explained upon the basis of the law that things of equal value are exchanged, and not, as in the cases cited above, upon the exceptions to the law.

Køber du bonger hos Buddies kan du være sikker på hurtig og diskret levering, som endda er gratis når du køber for over 499 kr., og vi giver altid en gave og loyalitetspoint med, når du lægger en ordre hos os. Vores kundeservice er i top, og er du i tvivl så kan du altid kontakte os for vejledning. Vi er danskejede og går op i at tilbyde vores kunder det bedste rygegrej til prisen, og varer fra de mest populære mærker. FAQs Luijten, Hans. Jo van Gogh-Bonger: The Woman who Made Vincent Famous. Translated by Lynne Richards. London: Bloomsbury Visual Arts 2022. ISBN 978-1350299580. Marta Molnar, The Secret Life of Sunflowers: A gripping, inspiring novel based on the true story of Johanna Bonger, Vincent van Gogh's sister-in-law. ISBN 978-1940627496 It is clear that through the introduction of manufactory methods the productivity of labor has been enormously increased, so that the time necessary for the production of the necessaries of life for the workmen has become shorter, and the surplus-value correspondingly augmented. The part taken by the workman in the process of production is quite different from what it was in the time of the guilds. The different operations that he performed in making the complete product are now replaced by the monotonous and repeated production of a single one of the parts. From this point dates the division of workmen into skilled and unskilled laborers. The latter are those whose work is such as to require little or no apprenticeship, and they are the cause of a new lowering of the price of labor.Theo died six months after his older brother Vincent's death, leaving Andries's sister Jo holding the letters of Vincent to Theo and in control of Vincent's artwork. Andries believed that his younger sister should not have sole say about what became of these remnants of her marriage and attempted to exert his influence over her. She resisted and the close of the siblings were at odds. Andries managed the sales of some of Vincent's artwork whose sale Jo authorized. Van Gogh, Theo, Johanna van Gogh-Bonger. Brief Happiness: The Correspondence of Theo Van Gogh and Jo Bonger. W Books 2000.

Her perseverance was for idealistic reasons. As the biography explains: “First and foremost, she wanted, come what may, to complete the task that Theo had set himself in 1890—publicising Vincent’s art. Secondly, and no less importantly to her, she supported the socialist view that looking at art could elevate people.” Kramer RC, Michalowski RJ (1991) State-corporate crime: case studies in organizational deviance. Unpublished manuscriptKramer R, Michalowski R (2005) War, aggression, and state crime: a criminological analysis of the invasion and occupation of Iraq. British J Criminol 45:446–469 Harvey D (2010) The enigma of capital and the crises of capitalism. Oxford University Press, Cambridge Kramer R , Michalowski R (1990) Toward an integrated theory of state-corporate crime. Presented at the American Society of Criminology, Baltimore Understanding the necessity of winning Americans' appreciation of Vincent's art, Jo saw translating the letters to English and actively cultivating attention to his talents in the New York as important. She spent three years in New York, living on the Upper West Side and Queens from 1915 to 1919, where she began the work of translating Vincent's letters into English. She was successful in attracting favorable attention for Vincent's work, mounting a show on Fifth Avenue. [1] After World War I ended, in 1919 she returned to Amsterdam.

The exposition which I have just given of the origin of the surplus-value is sufficient for this work. It is not necessary for our subject to stop to consider the fact that a part of the surplus-value is destined to become capital, while the other part is consumed by those who have appropriated the whole. As has been shown above, the employment of machines, etc., has increased in every branch of industry, and this has brought it about that the capital necessary to any manufacturing establishment increases continually under the pressure of competition. Hence it follows that capitalism itself forces the capitalist to invest as new capital part of the surplus-value acquired by him. But aside from this, it is capitalism also that produces the capitalist’s penchant for always investing more capital, which, in its turn, produces a greater surplus-value than the original capital, etc. And since the accumulation of capital has no limits, the greediness of the capitalist has none, and he is driven to increase his capital incessantly, even when his income is so great that it permits him to satisfy every possible need.

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Michalowski RJ (2008) Power, crime and criminology in the new imperial age. Crime Law Soc Change 51:303–325 Luijten puts forward an interesting idea on why, some weeks later, Bonger relented and agreed to a sale: she came to realise that the presence of the Sunflowers in the UK’s greatest gallery might help to encourage a publisher for an English translation of Van Gogh’s letters. Michalowski RJ, Kramer R (eds) (2006) State-corporate crime: wrongdoing at the intersection of business and government. Rutgers University Press, Piscataway Marxists overemphasise the importance of class inequalities at the expense of the social identity markers that can also have oppressive impacts (such as gender or ethnicity). Vaughn D (1996) The challenger launch decision: risky technology, culture, and deviance at NASA. University of Chicago Press, Chicago