Bradley, Nigel (2007). Marketing Research: Tools and Techniques. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-928196-1. Insight is the understanding of a specific cause and effect within a particular context. [ citation needed] The term insight can have several related meanings: a b c Subramaniam, Karuna; Kounios, John; Parrish, Todd B.; etal. (1 March 2009). "A Brain Mechanism for Facilitation of Insight by Positive Affect". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 21 (3): 415–432. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21057. PMID 18578603. S2CID 7133900. Ghaemi, S.Nassir (2002). Polypharmacy in Psychiatry. Hoboken: Informa Healthcare. ISBN 978-0-8247-0776-7. Other studies used online questionnaires to explore insight outside of the laboratory, [26] [2] verifying the notion that insight often happens in situations such as in the shower, [23] and echoing the idea that creative ideas occur in situations where divergent thought is more likely, sometimes called the Three "B"s of Creativity, in Bed, on the Bus, or in the Bath.

Shen, W.; Yuan, Y.; Liu, C.; etal. (2015). "In search of the 'Aha!' experience: Elucidating the emotionality of insight problem-solving". British Journal of Psychology. 107 (2): 281–298. doi: 10.1111/bjop.12142. PMID 26184903. the power of acute observation and deduction, discernment, and perception, called intellection or noesis Murray, Robin M. (2017). "Mistakes I Have Made in My Research Career". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 43 (2): 253–256. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbw165. PMC 5605250. PMID 28003469. Although we can have reasonable confidence that insight is a global phenomenon and not a myth specific to western culture (a WEIRD one; Henrich et al., 2010), it still holds many mysteries regarding its mechanisms and function ( Shen et al., 2018), as well as its evolution and presence (and level of expression) in other species ( Call, 2013). Scientific Insight Participants who ranked lower on emotionality and higher on openness to experience performed better on insight problems. Men outperformed women on insight problems, and women outperformed men on non-insight problems. [22]a b Ovington, Linda A.; Saliba, Anthony J.; Moran, Carmen C.; etal. (2015-11-01). "Do People Really Have Insights in the Shower? The When, Where and Who of the Aha! Moment". The Journal of Creative Behavior. 52: 21–34. doi: 10.1002/jocb.126. ISSN 2162-6057. Moncrieff, J. (2015). "Antipsychotic Maintenance Treatment: Time to Rethink?". PLOS Med. 12 (8): e1001861. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001861. PMC 4524699. PMID 26241954.

a b Salvi, Carola; Bricolo, Emanuela; Bowden, Edward; etal. (2016). "Insight solutions are correct more often than analytic solutions". Thinking and Reasoning. 22 (4): 443–60. doi: 10.1080/13546783.2016.1141798. PMC 5035115. PMID 27667960. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Publisher’s Note Harrow, M.; Jobe, T.H.; Faull, R.N. (October 2012). "Do all schizophrenia patients need antipsychotic treatment continuously throughout their lifetime? A 20-year longitudinal study". Psychological Medicine. 42 (10): 2145–55. doi: 10.1017/S0033291712000220. PMID 22340278. S2CID 29641445. a b Sloan, Sam Loyd (2007). Cyclopedia of puzzles. Bronx, N.Y.: Ishi Press International. ISBN 978-0-923891-78-7.

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a b c d e f g h i j Sternberg, Robert J.; Davidson, Janet E., eds. (1996). The nature of insight (Reprinted.). Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-69187-1. Robinson-Riegler, Bridget; Robinson-Riegler, Gregory (2012). Cognitive psychology: applying the science of the mind (3rded.). Boston: Pearson Allyn & Bacon. ISBN 978-0-205-03364-5. Generally, methodological approaches to the study of insight in the laboratory involve presenting participants with problems and puzzles that cannot be solved in a conventional or logical manner. [8] Problems of insight commonly fall into three types: [8] Breaking functional fixedness [ edit ] Example of a RAT problem. Wallas, inspired by the ideas of Hermann von Helmholtz and Henri Poincare, proposed four stages of progression for a creative process ( Wallas, 1926). Helmholtz, during a banquet held for his 70th birthday in 1891, revealed how he had reached his best ideas; always after first researching a problem in detail, letting it rest, and seeking a pleasant distraction. This way he was often surprised by a solution in the form of a pleasant experience. Wallas named these stages preparation (investigative stage), incubation (temporally discarding the problem from conscious thought), and illumination (the sudden arrival of a new “happy idea”), to which he added a fourth, the verification of the solution. These four stages have been recurrently used as a framework for studying insight in the psychological literature ( Luo and Niki, 2003; Jung-Beeman et al., 2004; Sandkühler and Bhattacharya, 2008; Weisberg, 2013). Although Wallas’ work covers the creative process in rather broad terms, its relevance to the study of insight is remarkable, due to the close proximity and similarity in conceptualization, measures, and processes ( Shen et al., 2017, 2018). Even the “aha” moment itself might be accessible to study in non-verbal subjects, given the expected physiological emotional response that follows it. We know that many animals show an emotional response while learning how to solve tasks (independent from the presence of a reward; e.g., cows, Hagen and Broom, 2004; goats, Langbein et al., 2004; horses, Mengoli et al., 2014; dogs, McGowan et al., 2014; dolphins, Clark et al., 2013). Studying insight through the presentation of a solution would thus require both a behavioral analysis (as in traditional contrafreeloading tests or yoked experimental designs; e.g., Hagen and Broom, 2004; Rosenberger et al., 2020) as well as a physiological one. Artificially altering the transparency of the path toward the solution, and altering the time spent at an apparent impasse, may allow us to predict and modify the intensity of the respective physiological (as it would be an increased heart rate; Hill and Kemp, 2018) and behavioral responses (e.g., in dogs, we would predict pupil dilation, tail wagging, and increased general activity; McGowan et al., 2014; Webb et al., 2019; Salvi et al., 2020). Conclusion