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The eye model was put on a roll of tape and the trainees can manually rotate the model to different direction for visualization of different parts of the fundus (Fig. 1B). Procedure and data collection Goncharov AV, Dainty C. Wide-field schematic eye models with gradient-index lens. J Opt Soc Am A 2007; 24: 2157– 2174. Mitra NK, Haleagrahara N, Ponnudurai G, Judson J. The levels of difficulty and discrimination indices in type a multiple choice questions of pre-clinical semester 1 multidisciplinary summative tests.Int e-J Sci Med Educ. 2009;3:2–7. Maintaining a commitment to excellence for every job by arriving and interacting professionally with staff and crew members Agents and clients may look for models with clear eyes that don't have visible veins. They may also look for models with eyes that are nearly identical in shape and size from one side of the face to the other. Some of these details may rely on genetics. However, there are actions you can take to ensure your eyes stay as healthy as possible. They include:

Kasthurirangan, S., Markwell, E. L., Atchison, D. A. & Pope, J. M. MRI study of the changes in crystalline lens shape with accommodation and aging in humans. J. Vis. 11, 19–19 (2011).Howcroft, M. J. & Parker, J. A. Aspheric curvatures for the human lens. Vis. Res. 17, 1217–1223 (1977). Dupps, W. J. Jr. & Wilson, S. E. Biomechanics and wound healing in the cornea. Exp. Eye Res. 83, 709–720 (2006). Kwon, Y. & Bott, S. Postsurgery corneal asphericity and spherical aberration due to ablation efficiency reduction and corneal remodelling in refractive surgeries. Eye 23, 1845–1850 (2009).

The next level of sophistication is to have three refracting surfaces, one for the cornea and two for the lens. In such models, the aperture stop is placed in an anatomically correct position at the front of the lens, accommodated forms can be provided and the cardinal points can be accurately placed. Blind people who still have eyes can sense the difference between light and dark. There are special cells in the eyes that detect light but aren't involved in forming images. Pomerantzeff O, Pankratov M, Wang G-J, Dufault P. Wide angle optical model of the eye. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1984; 61: 166– 176.Amini N, Michoux N, Warnier L, Malcourant E, Coche E, Vande Berg B. Inclusion of MCQs written by radiology residents in their annual evaluation: innovative method to enhance resident’s empowerment? Insights Imaging. 2020;11:8. cornea, harboring three distinct cell types with the expression of key epithelial, stromal and endothelial cell markers. Raasch T, Lakshminarayanan V. Optical matrices of lenticular polyincidal schematic eyes. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1989; 9: 61– 65. Aqueous Humor: The fluid beneath the cornea has a composition similar to that of blood plasma. Theaqueous humor helps to shape the cornea and provides nourishment to the eye.

The development of methods for obtaining the primary culture of conjunctival cells has contributed to the development of transplantation techniques for heterotopic or allogeneic grafts. After severe damage to the conjunctiva, it is possible to restore its function by taking a piece of epithelium from a healthy eye, multiplying it in a cell culture, and implanting it in the affected conjunctiva [ 61]. Besides the primary cell culture, several established conjunctiva cell culture lines also exist. An example would be two human immortalized conjunctival cell lines: HCjE [ 62] and IOBA-NHC [ 63]. These cells have a typical epithelial morphology of the human epithelium, and after exposure of the cells to inflammatory mediators (IFNγ and/or TNFα), they increase the expression of the intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and MHC class II cell surface receptor (HLA-DR) [ 63]. Navarro R. Adaptive model of the aging emmetropic eye and its changes with accommodation. J Vis 2014; 14: 21– 17.

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Klein, S. R., Epstein, R. J., Randleman, J. B. & Stulting, R. D. Corneal ectasia after laser in situ keratomileusis in patients without apparent preoperative risk factors. Cornea 25, 388–403 (2006). Jansonius, N. M. & Kooijman, A. C. The effect of spherical and other aberrations upon the modulation transfer of the defocussed human eye. Ophthal. Physl. Opt. 18, 504–513 (2010). Atchison DA, Pritchard N, Schmid KL, Scott DH, Jones CE, Pope JM. Shape of the retinal surface in emmetropia and myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46: 2698– 2707.

Shapiro AE. The Optical Papers of Issac Newton, Vol 1: The Optical Lectures 1670–1672. Cambridge University Press, 1984, p 586. A tiny but very specialized area of the retina called the macula is responsible for giving us our detailed, central vision. The other part of the retina, the peripheral retina, provides us with our peripheral (side) vision.

Villa, C., Gutierrez, R., Jimenez, J. R. & Gonzalez-Meijome, J. M. Night vision disturbances after successful LASIK surgery. Brit. J. Ophthalmol. 91, 1031–1037 (2007). Jiménez, J. R., Alarcón, A., Anera, R. G. & Del Barco, L. J. Hyperopic Q-optimized algorithms: a theoretical study on factors influencing optical quality. Biomed. Opt. Express 8, 1405–1414 (2017).