Dube P, Tavares P, Lurz R, van Heel M (1993) Bacteriophage SPP1 portal protein: a DNA pump with 13-fold symmetry. EMBO J 12:1303–1309 For formation of disulfide bridges ClpB cysteine variants were first dialyzed to remove DTT. Cysteine oxidation was achieved by adding 25 μM Cu-Phenanthroline to 4 μM ClpB and incubating the mixture for 1 min at room temperature. Oxidation and disulfide bond formation was stopped by addition of 50 mM iodoacetamide and SDS-sample buffer containing 5 mM EDTA. Crosslink products were analyzed by a non-reducing SDS gradient gel (3–8%). Leiman PG, Chipman PR, Kostyuchenko VA, Mesyanzhinov VV, Rossmann MG (2004) Three-dimensional rearrangement of proteins in the tail of bacteriophage T4 on infection of its host. Cell 118:419–429 Step 5. To get the magnitude of the resultant, measure its length with a ruler. (Note that in most calculations, we will use the Pythagorean theorem to determine this length.)

Starting from where the head of the first vector ends, draw the second vector to scale in the indicated direction. Label the magnitude and direction of this vector on the diagram. In summary, this manuscript significantly furthers our mechanistic understanding of the M-domain's role in regulating the Hsp100 ATPase activity and the cooperation with Hsp70 for protein disaggregation, and it is well suited for publication in eLife. Zhao L, Kanamaru S, Chaidirek C, Arisaka F (2003) P15 and P3, the tail completion proteins of bacteriophage T4, both form hexameric rings. J Bacteriol 185:1693–1700In his book titled Grooks, the Danish poet Piet Hein included a poem entitled “A Psychological Tip” which relates to the Freudian Coin Toss. The poem reads as follows: This is true for the addition of ordinary numbers as well—you get the same result whether you add \(\mathbf{\text{2}}+\mathbf{\text{3}}\) or \(\mathbf{\text{3}}+\mathbf{\text{2}}\), for example).

Proximodistal is a term used in anatomy to describe the direction of growth or development from the center of the body or a local structure outwards towards its distal ends. This term is often used to refer to the growth of limbs, for example, where the shoulder joint is located more proximally than the fingertip. It can also be used to describe how certain structures develop and grow throughout the body, such as organs or muscles. In general, it describes an outward-growing pattern from a central point. Understanding Proximodistal Development Abrescia NG, Bamford DH, Grimes JM, Stuart DI (2012) Structure unifies the viral universe. Annu Rev Biochem 81:795–822 T1 - Head-to-tail cyclization of side chain-protected linear peptides to recapitulate genetically-encoded cyclized peptides Draw the resultant from the tail of the first vector to the head of the last vector. Label this vector as Resultant or simply R. Users are encouraged to open the Concept Builder and begin. There is no need for an activity sheet for this Concept Builder. However, the nine different groups of questions can be printed. View Questions​ (Teachers Only).Olia AS, Casjens S, Cingolani G (2007b) Structure of phage P22 cell envelope-penetrating needle. Nat Struct Mol Biol 14:1221–1226 Step 6. To get the direction of the resultant, measure the angle it makes with the reference frame using a protractor. (Note that in most calculations, we will use trigonometric relationships to determine this angle.) Saigo K (1975) Tail-DNA connection and chromosome structure in bacteriophage T5. Virology 68:154–165 The cephalocaudal principle is the idea that development proceeds from the head down to the tail, or top to bottom. This means that the earliest changes during development will occur in the head and facial areas, and then progress downwards towards the rest of the body. For example, a newborn baby might develop their eyes before their legs. Donate LE, Herranz L, Secilla JP, Carazo JM, Fujisawa H, Carrascosa JL (1988) Bacteriophage T3 connector: three-dimensional structure and comparison with other viral head-tail connecting regions. J Mol Biol 201:91–100