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The holding yard at the entrance of the shed is important as a means of keeping cows moving into the shed. Most yards have a powered gate that ensures that the cows are kept close to the shed. After the birth of a calf the cow begins to lactate. Lactation will normally continue for as long as the cow is milked but production will steadily decline. Dairy farmers are extremely familiar with the pattern of milk production and carefully time the cow's next breeding to maximize milk production. The pattern of lactation and pregnancy is known as the lactation cycle.
Dairy plants process the raw milk they receive from farmers so as to extend its marketable life. Two main types of processes are employed: heat treatment to ensure the safety of milk for human consumption and to lengthen its shelf-life, and dehydrating dairy products such as butter, hard cheese and milk powders so that they can be stored. Worldwide, the largest cow milk producer is the United States, [49] the largest cow milk exporter is New Zealand, [50] [51] and the largest importer is China. [52] The European Union with its present 27 member countries produced 158,800,000 metric tons (156,300,000 long tons; 175,000,000 short tons) in 2013 [53](96.8% cow milk), the most by any politico- economic union.Most modern dairy farms divide the animals into different management units depending on their age, nutritional needs, reproductive status, and milk production status. [10] The group of cows that are currently lactating, the milking herd, is often managed most intensively to make sure their diet and environmental conditions are conducive to producing as much high quality milk as possible. On some farms the milking herd is further divided into milking strings, which are groups of animals with different nutritional needs. [10] The segment of the adult herd that are in the resting period before giving birth to their next calf are called dry cows because they are not being milked. [10] All female animals that have yet to give birth to their first calf are called heifers. They will grow up to take the place of older animals in the milking herd and thus are sometimes generally referred to as the replacement herd. [10] Housing systems [ edit ] Regulatory Definitions of Large CAFOs, Medium CAFO, and Small CAFOs" (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved 26 September 2008.
a b Vishwanath, R. (2003). Artificial insemination: the state of the art. Theriogenology, 59, 571–584. In countries where cows are grazed outside year-round, there is little waste disposal to deal with. The most concentrated waste is at the milking shed, where the animal waste may be liquefied (during the water-washing process) or left in a more solid form, either to be returned to be used on farm ground as organic fertiliser. [22] T he aim of a good milking routine is to put the teat cups on calm cows with clean, dry, well-stimulated teats, to remove milk rapidly, and to remove the teat cups as soon as the cow has finished milking. Joseph Gallo Dies". Merced Sun-Star. Archived from the original on 8 July 2007 . Retrieved 26 September 2008.If you don’t have ACRs and you’re removing the cluster by hand, pinch off the vacuum and wait a few seconds for the vacuum to drop. Before the cluster falls off, twist the claw to break the seal and remove the cluster The majority of cows carry a single calf. Pregnancy lasts an average of 280 to 285 days or a little less than 9 and one half months. [18] Lactation management [ edit ]
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