Michalsen, A.; Moebus, S.; Spahn, G.; Esch, T.; Langhorst, J.; Dobos, G.J. (2002). "Leech therapy for symptomatic treatment of knee osteoarthritis: Results and implications of a pilot study". Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 8 (5): 84–88. PMID 12233807.

Based on reported anti-inflammatory substances in the saliva of medicinal leeches, a number of clinical studies have evaluated the role of leeches in osteoarthritis.( Lauche 2014, Porshinsky 2011) Blinding of participants is problematic in such studies, and comparators have included transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)( Stange 2012) and topical diclofenac.( Michalsen 2003) In one randomized, single-blind study that enrolled 105 patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis, treatment with 5 leeches placed on the affected knee for up to 1 hour once weekly for 3 weeks provided improvements in pain, stiffness, and physical function that were not significantly different from 15 TENS treatment sessions.( Isik 2017) Hawthorn berry. According to a 2010 research review, this ingredient has some use as a treatment for heart disease, but it’s not proven to help with penis enlargement. The research review also showed that taking too much can cause dizziness, nausea, and dangerous interactions with cardiovascular medications. This is an indication that there is an underlying problem preventing the penis from becoming sufficiently erect. So as you can see MR KB 9/16/22 This link above under “a small study” did not work for me jurology.com/article/S0022-5347(05)64298-X/abstract

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Aleissa, M. S. (2014). Effect of ginger supplements on some reproductive parameters and spermatogenesis of mice. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences, 4(1), 271–277 A systematic review and meta-analysis of 4 clinical studies in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee (N=237) reported moderate to strong evidence for reductions in pain, functional impairment, and joint stiffness following leech therapy.( Lauche 2014) In another meta-analysis of adults with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis, medical leech therapy was associated with a significant reduction in WOMAC scores (used to evaluate functional restoration) compared with controls ( P=0.013 at week 1, P=0.039 at week 4, and P=0.005 at week 7), without significant heterogeneity. Additionally, pain (as measured by visual analog scale [VAS]) was also significantly reduced with medical leeches compared with controls at weeks 1, 4, and 7 ( P=0.004, P=00.39, and P=0.033, respectively), without heterogeneity. Incidence of adverse events was significantly higher with leech therapy than controls ( P=0). The quality of evidence was moderate for each outcome and overall.( Wang 2018) Pliny the Elder reported in his Natural History that the horse leech could drive elephants mad by climbing up inside their trunks to drink blood. [60] Pliny also noted the medicinal use of leeches in ancient Rome, stating that they were often used for gout, and that patients became addicted to the treatment. [61] In Old English, lǣce was the name for a physician as well as for the animal, though the words had different origins, and lǣcecraft, leechcraft, was the art of healing. [62] If you’re up for testing different essential oils that may improve your sexual health, here are just a few to consider.

Tajuddin, A., Ahmad, S., Latif, A., Qasmi, I. A., & Amin, K. M. Y. (2005, July 20). An experimental study of sexual function improving effect of Myristica fragrans Houtt.(nutmeg). BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 5,16 Cinnamon essential oil: It’s possible that cinnamon essential oil may help with ED. Animal studies have found cinnamon oil enhanced erectile function, although more research on larger scales is still needed. Additionally, one 2015 rat study found that cinnamon also has the ability to boost sperm count along with testosterone levels and sperm motility. Arterial insufficiency, previous exposure to leeches (risk of allergic reaction), immunosuppression (risk of infection), patient refusal to accept possible subsequent blood transfusions, and unstable medical conditions have been described as contraindications for extensive leech therapy. Pregnancy/Lactation Shcherbakov, Dmitry; Tarmo, Timm; Tzetlin, Alexander B.; Vinn, Olev; Zhuravlev, Andrey (2020). "A probable oligochaete from an Early Triassic Lagerstätte of the southern Cis-Urals and its evolutionary implications". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 65 (2): 219–233. doi: 10.4202/app.00704.2019. S2CID 219097612. a b Braddy, Simon J.; Gass, Kenneth C.; Tessler, Michael (2023). "Not the first leech: An unusual worm from the early Silurian of Wisconsin". Journal of Paleontology. 97 (4): 799–804. doi: 10.1017/jpa.2023.47.Schnell, Ida Bærholm; Bohmann, Kristine; Schultze, Sebastian E.; etal. (2018). "Debugging diversity – a pan‐continental exploration of the potential of terrestrial blood‐feeding leeches as a vertebrate monitoring tool" (PDF). Molecular Ecology Resources. 18 (6): 1282–1298. doi: 10.1111/1755-0998.12912. PMID 29877042. S2CID 46972335. Leeches live in damp surroundings and in general respire through their body wall. The exception to this is in the Piscicolidae, where branching or leaf-like lateral outgrowths from the body wall form gills. Some rhynchobdellid leeches have an extracellular haemoglobin pigment, but this only provides for about half of the leech's oxygen transportation needs, the rest occurring by diffusion. [26] Movement

In addition to being ineffective, these products may also be harmful. Many of the ingredients found in over-the-counter “natural male enhancement” supplements can cause unpleasant side effects and lead to potential complications. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. We avoid using tertiary references. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy. Leeches may consume up to 50 mL of blood per application, and their secretions during a single feed can prevent coagulation (in vitro) of up to 100 mL of human blood. Passive bleeding after detachment most commonly continues for approximately 5 hours but can continue up to 72 hours. Blood loss may occur, sometimes requiring transfusions.( Ikizceli 2005, Porshinsky 2011) Approximately 90 mL of blood had to be aspirated via arthrocentesis from the knee joint of a 58-year-old male with diabetes who had undergone hirudotherapy on his injured knee 1 week earlier in an effort to reduce persistent pain subsequent to a fall 6 weeks previously.( Curcio 2020) Another patient with a history significant for hypertension, diabetes, diabetic foot, ischemic heart disease, and coronary artery bypass graft developed nonocclusive acute mesenteric ischemia within 2 hours of leeches applied to both feet to treat diabetic foot wounds. The terminal ileum and entire colon were necrotic. An end-ileostomy was performed, and the patient recovered.( Akalın 2020)

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Results from a retrospective study (N=50) combined with data from 6 other studies and case reports focused on hirudotherapy along with associated antibiotic prophylaxis. Leech-related infections led to the development of the following standard protocol at a university hospital to optimize treatment, safe use, and secure disposal of the biohazardous leeches: Carl points out an immobile leech on the bottom of the tank. “That’s what they do in the wild. When they feed, because they have a huge reserve of blood, they’ll bury themselves in the mud or moss.” He describes the leech as a sort of oil tanker: all its reproductive organs are on the front where the cab would be. “The central organs are on its side. It’s got two hearts, one on each side. The bulk of it is storage.” A fed leech can swell to up to five times its body weight. A small leech can expand eightfold. a b Phillips, Anna J.; Dornburg, Alex; Zapfe, Katerina L.; etal. (2019). "Phylogenomic Analysis of a Putative Missing Link Sparks Reinterpretation of Leech Evolution". Genome Biology and Evolution. 11 (11): 3082–3093. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evz120. ISSN 1759-6653. PMC 6598468. PMID 31214691.