Tenn, Joe (March 10, 2006). "Edward Emerson Barnard". Sonoma State University. Archived from the original on September 17, 2011 . Retrieved January 10, 2007. Wall, Mike (May 26, 2017). "More Jupiter Weirdness: Giant Planet May Have Huge, 'Fuzzy' Core". space.com. Archived from the original on April 20, 2021 . Retrieved April 20, 2021. After we had identified the qualities that made some one super, we looked at the people who we thought were super. Happily mummy and daddy were the first answers. E tells me that Daddy is super because he changes the lightbulbs and I’m super because I do lots of things like make their lunch. It made me smile. Simpson, J. A.; Weiner, E. S. C. (1989). "Jupiter". Oxford English Dictionary. Vol.8 (2nded.). Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861220-9.

In Vedic astrology, Hindu astrologers named the planet after Brihaspati, the religious teacher of the gods, and often called it " Guru", which means the "Teacher". [236] [237] In Central Asian Turkic myths, Jupiter is called Erendiz or Erentüz, from eren (of uncertain meaning) and yultuz ("star"). The Turks calculated the period of the orbit of Jupiter as 11 years and 300 days. They believed that some social and natural events connected to Erentüz's movements on the sky. [238] The Chinese, Vietnamese, Koreans, and Japanese called it the "wood star" ( Chinese: 木星; pinyin: mùxīng), based on the Chinese Five Elements. [239] [240] [241] In China it became known as the "Year-star" (Sui-sing) as Chinese astronomers noted that it jumped one zodiac constellation each year (with corrections). In some ancient Chinese writings the years were named, at least in principle, in correlation with the Jovian zodiac signs. [242] Gallery Russell, C. T.; Yu, Z. J.; Kivelson, M. G. (2001). "The rotation period of Jupiter" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 28 (10): 1911–1912. Bibcode: 2001GeoRL..28.1911R. doi: 10.1029/2001GL012917. S2CID 119706637. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022 . Retrieved April 28, 2022. a b c d Kruijer, Thomas S.; Burkhardt, Christoph; Budde, Gerrit; Kleine, Thorsten (June 2017). "Age of Jupiter inferred from the distinct genetics and formation times of meteorites". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (26): 6712–6716. Bibcode: 2017PNAS..114.6712K. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1704461114. PMC 5495263. PMID 28607079. Receivers for Radio JOVE". NASA. March 1, 2017. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021 . Retrieved September 9, 2020. Beginning in 1973, several spacecraft performed planetary flyby manoeuvres that brought them within observation range of Jupiter. The Pioneer missions obtained the first close-up images of Jupiter's atmosphere and several of its moons. They discovered that the radiation fields near the planet were much stronger than expected, but both spacecraft managed to survive in that environment. The trajectories of these spacecraft were used to refine the mass estimates of the Jovian system. Radio occultations by the planet resulted in better measurements of Jupiter's diameter and the amount of polar flattening. [55] :47 [171]Kramer, Miriam (October 9, 2013). "Diamond Rain May Fill Skies of Jupiter and Saturn". Space.com. Archived from the original on August 27, 2017 . Retrieved August 27, 2017. a b Batygin, Konstantin (2015). "Jupiter's decisive role in the inner Solar System's early evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (14): 4214–4217. arXiv: 1503.06945. Bibcode: 2015PNAS..112.4214B. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1423252112. PMC 4394287. PMID 25831540. Cardall, C. Y.; Daunt, S. J. "The Great Red Spot". University of Tennessee. Archived from the original on March 31, 2010 . Retrieved February 2, 2007. Giles, Rohini S.; Greathouse, Thomas K.; Bonfond, Bertrand; Gladstone, G. Randall; Kammer, Joshua A.; Hue, Vincent; Grodent, Denis C.; Gérard, Jean-Claude; Versteeg, Maarten H.; Wong, Michael H.; Bolton, Scott J.; Connerney, John E. P.; Levin, Steven M. (2020). "Possible Transient Luminous Events Observed in Jupiter's Upper Atmosphere". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 125 (11): e06659. arXiv: 2010.13740. Bibcode: 2020JGRE..12506659G. doi: 10.1029/2020JE006659. S2CID 225075904. e06659.

MacDougal, Douglas W. (December 16, 2012). Newton's Gravity: An Introductory Guide to the Mechanics of the Universe. Springer New York. p.199. ISBN 978-1-4614-5444-1. Pasachoff, Jay M. (2015). "Simon Marius's Mundus Iovialis: 400th Anniversary in Galileo's Shadow". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 46 (2): 218–234. Bibcode: 2015AAS...22521505P. doi: 10.1177/0021828615585493. S2CID 120470649. Hansen, C. J.; Bolton, S. J.; Matson, D. L.; Spilker, L. J.; Lebreton, J.-P. (2004). "The Cassini–Huygens flyby of Jupiter". Icarus. 172 (1): 1–8. Bibcode: 2004Icar..172....1H. doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2004.06.018.Jovian is the adjectival form of Jupiter. The older adjectival form jovial, employed by astrologers in the Middle Ages, has come to mean 'happy' or 'merry', moods ascribed to Jupiter's influence in astrology. [22] Fieseler, P. D.; Adams, O. W.; Vandermey, N.; Theilig, E. E.; Schimmels, K. A.; Lewis, G. D.; Ardalan, S. M.; Alexander, C. J. (2004). "The Galileo Star Scanner Observations at Amalthea". Icarus. 169 (2): 390–401. Bibcode: 2004Icar..169..390F. doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2004.01.012.

The Great Red Spot is larger than the Earth. [111] Mathematical models suggest that the storm is stable and will be a permanent feature of the planet. [112] However, it has significantly decreased in size since its discovery. Initial observations in the late 1800s showed it to be approximately 41,000km (25,500mi) across. By the time of the Voyager flybys in 1979, the storm had a length of 23,300km (14,500mi) and a width of approximately 13,000km (8,000mi). [113] Hubble observations in 1995 showed it had decreased in size to 20,950km (13,020mi), and observations in 2009 showed the size to be 17,910km (11,130mi). As of 2015 [update], the storm was measured at approximately 16,500 by 10,940km (10,250 by 6,800mi), [113] and was decreasing in length by about 930km (580mi) per year. [111] [114] In October 2021, a Juno flyby mission measured the depth of the Great Red Spot, putting it at around 300–500 kilometres (190–310mi). [115]

Wahl, S. M.; Hubbard, William B.; Militzer, B.; Guillot, Tristan; Miguel, Y.; Movshovitz, N.; Kaspi, Y.; Helled, R.; Reese, D.; Galanti, E.; Levin, S.; Connerney, J. E.; Bolton, S. J. (2017). "Comparing Jupiter interior structure models to Juno gravity measurements and the role of a dilute core". Geophysical Research Letters. 44 (10): 4649–4659. arXiv: 1707.01997. Bibcode: 2017GeoRL..44.4649W. doi: 10.1002/2017GL073160. Jupiter is believed to be the oldest planet in the Solar System. [23] Current models of Solar System formation suggest that Jupiter formed at or beyond the snow line: a distance from the early Sun where the temperature was sufficiently cold for volatiles such as water to condense into solids. [24] The planet began as a solid core, which then accumulated its gaseous atmosphere. As a consequence, the planet must have formed before the solar nebula was fully dispersed. [25] During its formation, Jupiter's mass gradually increased until it had 20 times the mass of the Earth, approximately half of which was made up of silicates, ices and other heavy-element constituents. [23] When the proto-Jupiter grew larger than 50 Earth masses it created a gap in the solar nebula. [23] Thereafter, the growing planet reached its final mass in 3–4 million years. [23] Li, Liming; Jiang, X.; West, R. A.; Gierasch, P. J.; Perez-Hoyos, S.; Sanchez-Lavega, A.; Fletcher, L. N.; Fortney, J. J.; Knowles, B.; Porco, C. C.; Baines, K. H.; Fry, P. M.; Mallama, A.; Achterberg, R. K.; Simon, A. A.; Nixon, C. A.; Orton, G. S.; Dyudina, U. A.; Ewald, S. P.; Schmude, R. W. (2018). "Less absorbed solar energy and more internal heat for Jupiter". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 3709. Bibcode: 2018NatCo...9.3709L. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-06107-2. PMC 6137063. PMID 30213944. Amalthea Fact Sheet". NASA/JPL. October 1, 2001. Archived from the original on November 24, 2001 . Retrieved February 21, 2007. MacDougal, Douglas W. (2012). "A Binary System Close to Home: How the Moon and Earth Orbit Each Other". Newton's Gravity. Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics. Springer New York. pp. 193–211. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5444-1_10. ISBN 978-1-4614-5443-4. the barycentre is 743,000km from the centre of the Sun. The Sun's radius is 696,000km, so it is 47,000km above the surface.